ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION - LESSON 3
Article IX
OBJECTIVE
The 1776 Declaration suggests that the IDEAL method of
problem solving and decision making was used to frame our INTENDED FORM of
GOVERNMENT.
(1) The Cause was accurately IDENTIFIED, (2) a
Remedy was DESCRIBED, a process for accomplishment was EVALUATED and (3) ACTED upon. And, today, we LEARN from our successes
and failures and look, again, to the IDEAL.
The Declaration of Independence,
July 4, 1776
In Congress, July 4, 1776
The
unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States
of America, When in the Course of
human events, it becomes necessary for one people to (1) dissolve
the political bands which have connected them with another, and to (2) assume
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws
of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of
mankind requires that they should (3) declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
Words have meaning relevant to the time, the place, and the intent for
which they are used.
What went wrong?
Why did it go
wrong?
When did it go
wrong?
How did it go
wrong?
Who profited?
Relevant links
are provided for convenience.
JOHNSON’S 1755 DICTIONARY – Navigate by (1) letter, (2) spelling and
(3) clicking Go at
JOHNSON’S 1785 DICTIONARY - Volume I – A through K
https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up
or PDF at
https://ia801406.us.archive.org/21/items/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft.pdf
https://ia801406.us.archive.org/21/items/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft.pdf
JOHNSON’S 1785 DICTIONARY - Volume II – L through Z https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofengl02johnuoft#page/n744/mode/1up
or PDF at
WEBSTER’S 1828
DICTIONARY
WEBSTER’S 1913 DICTIONARY
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION – 1777
Article
IX. The united states, in congress assembled,
shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and
war, except
in the cases mentioned in the sixth article[1]
- of sending and receiving ambassadors -
entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce
shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the respective states shall be
restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own
people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of
any species of goods or commodities whatsoever - of establishing rules
for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and
in what manner prizes[2]
taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united
Sates, shall be divided or
appropriated - of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of
peace - appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies
committed on the high seas; and establishing courts; for receiving and
determining finally appeals in all cases of captures; provided that no member
of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.
The united states, in congress assembled, shall also be the last resort
on appeal, in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that hereafter
may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any
other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner
following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority, or lawful agent of
any state in controversy with another, shall present a petition to congress,
stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall
be given, by order of congress, to the legislative or executive authority of
the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by joint
consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and
determining the matter in question: but if they cannot agree, congress shall
name three persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of
such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners
beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number
not less than seven, nor more than nine names, as congress shall direct, shall,
in the presence of congress, be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names
shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to
hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the
judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination: and if
either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing
reasons which congress shall judge sufficient, or being present, shall refuse
to strike, the congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each
State, and the secretary of congress shall strike in behalf of such party
absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court, to be appointed
in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of
the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear
or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce
sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment or sentence and other
proceedings being in either case transmitted to congress, and lodged among the
acts of congress, for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an
oath to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court
of the State where the cause shall be tried, “well and truly to hear and
determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment,
without favour, affection, or hope of reward: “provided, also, that no State shall be deprived of territory for
the benefit of the united states.
All
controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different
grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may respect such
lands, and the states which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or
either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to
such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the
congress of the united states, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the
same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting
territorial jurisdiction between different states.
The united states,
in congress assembled, shall also have the sole and
exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by
their own authority, or by that of the respective states - fixing the standard
of weights and measures throughout the united states - regulating the trade and
managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states;
provided that the legislative right of any state, within its own limits, be not
infringed or violated - establishing and regulating
post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the united states,
and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same, as may be
requisite to defray the expenses of the said office - appointing all officers
of the land forces in the service of the united States, excepting regimental
officers - appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning
all officers whatever in the service of the united states; making rules for the
government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing
their operations.
The united States,
in congress assembled, shall have authority to appoint a
committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to be denominated, “A Committee of the
States,” and to consist of one delegate from
each State; and to appoint
such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the united states under their direction - to
appoint one of their number to preside;
provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more
than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain
the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the united states, and to appropriate and
apply the same for defraying the public expenses; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit
of the united states[3],
transmitting every half year to the respective states an account of the sums of
money so borrowed or emitted, - to build and equip a navy - to agree upon
the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its
quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants
in such state, which requisition[4]
shall be binding; and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint
the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them, in a
soldier-like manner, at the expense of the united states; and the officers and
men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and
within the time agreed on by the united states, in congress assembled; but if
the united states, in congress assembled, shall, on consideration of
circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men, or should
raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a
greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be
raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota
of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra
number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise,
officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can
be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped,
shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united
states in congress assembled.
The united states, in congress assembled, shall never engage
in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter
into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof
nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of
the united states, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the
credit of the united states, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number
of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces
to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine
states assent to the same, nor shall a question on any other point, except for
adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of
the united states in congress assembled.
The congress of the united states shall have power to
adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united states,
so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six
Months, and shall publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or
military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each
State, on any question, shall be entered on the Journal, when it is desired by
any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their
request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said Journal, except such
parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several
states.
RESOURCES and TALKING POINTS
LESSON I - ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION - INTRODUCTION http://theultimateweapons.blogspot.com/2017/11/articles-of-confederation-introduction.html
LESSON 2 -
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION - Article IV - Article
VIII
http://theultimateweapons.blogspot.com/2017/11/articles-of-confederation-lesson-2.html
[1] Article VI. No State, without the Consent of the united States,
in congress assembled, shall send
any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conferrence,
agreement, alliance, or treaty, with any King prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of
profit or trust under the united states, or any of them, accept of any present,
emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or
foreign state; nor shall the united states,
in congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. (More
at http://theultimateweapons.blogspot.com/2017/11/articles-of-confederation-lesson-2.html)
[2]
https://www.britannica.com/topic/prize-court
- Excerpt: “Although
prize courts are
municipal courts, and their character and organization are thus
determined by national tradition and law, they apply
customary and conventional international law. There is a practice of
long standing for belligerents, at the outbreak of war, to enact prize law through statutory
legislation; such enactments are presumed to be declaratory of international
law but are, in any event, binding on the courts. .
. . The United States has held no prize courts since 1899 for the additional reason
of its more liberal policy of requisitioning foreign vessels with compensation
rather than appropriating them as prizes”
How much does it cost to
produce currency and coin? Currency
Each year, the Federal Reserve Board projects the
likely demand for new currency, and places an order with the Department of the
Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which produces U.S. currency and
charges the Board for the cost of production. The 2017 currency budget is
$726.6 million and reflects the following costs per denomination:
Denomination
|
Cost of Production
|
$1 and $2
|
5.4 cents per note
|
$5
|
11.5 cents per note
|
$10
|
10.9 cents per note
|
$20
|
12.2 cents per note
|
$50
|
19.4 cents per note
|
$100
|
15.5 cents per note
|
A written demand; a
formal request or requirement. The formal demand by one government upon
another, or by the governor of one state upon the governor of another state, of
the surrender of a fugitive from justice. The taking or seizure of property by
government. - Requisition refers to the seizure of Personal
Property, whereas condemnation entails the taking of real property.
West's Encyclopedia of
American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights
reserved.
posted by Niki at 9:43 PM
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