Friday, December 24, 2021

For Jural Consideration

  Who, What, When, Where, How and Why?

Scroll through the evidence presented in this video and the footnotes below.


Jural

https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/jural

The principles of natural and positive rights recognized by law.

Jural pertains to the rights and obligations sanctioned and governed by positive law[1] or that law which is enacted by proper authority. Jural doctrines are founded upon fundamental rules and protect essential rights and duties.

Jural principles are not the same as moral principles. Moral doctrines encompass the entire range of ethics or the science of behavior. Jural doctrines include only those areas of moral conduct that are recognized by law.

Jural denotes the state or an organized political society.  West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 

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https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1961

18 U.S. Code § 1961 - Definitions

(1) “racketeering activity” means 

(A) any act or threat involving murder[i], kidnapping[ii], gambling, arson, robbery, bribery[iii], extortion[iv], dealing in obscene matter, or dealing in a controlled[v] substance[vi] or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled substances Act), which is chargeable under State law and punishable by imprisonment for more than one year; 

(B) any act which is indictable under any of the following provisions of title 18, United States[vii] Code[viii]: Section 201 (relating to bribery), section 224 (relating to sports bribery), sections 471, 472, and 473 (relating to counterfeiting), section 659 (relating to theft from interstate shipment) if the act indictable under section 659 is felonious, section 664 (relating to embezzlement from pension and welfare funds), sections 891–894 (relating to extortionate credit transactions), section 1028 (relating to fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents), section 1029 (relating to fraud and related activity in connection with access devices), section 1084 (relating to the transmission of gambling information), section 1341 (relating to mail fraud), section 1343 (relating to wire fraud), section 1344 (relating to financial institution fraud), section 1351 (relating to fraud in foreign labor contracting), section 1425 (relating to the procurement of citizenship or nationalization unlawfully), section 1426 (relating to the reproduction of naturalization or citizenship papers), section 1427 (relating to the sale of naturalization or citizenship papers), sections 1461–1465 (relating to obscene matter), section 1503 (relating to obstruction of justice), section 1510 (relating to obstruction of criminal investigations), section 1511 (relating to the obstruction of State or local law enforcement), section 1512 (relating to tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant), section 1513 (relating to retaliating against a witness, victim, or an informant), section 1542 (relating to false statement in application and use of passport), section 1543 (relating to forgery or false use of passport), section 1544 (relating to misuse of passport), section 1546 (relating to fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents), sections 1581–1592 (relating to peonage, slavery, and trafficking in persons).,[1] sections 1831 and 1832 (relating to economic espionage and theft of trade secrets), section 1951 (relating to interference with commerce, robbery, or extortion), section 1952 (relating to racketeering), section 1953 (relating to interstate transportation of wagering paraphernalia), section 1954 (relating to unlawful welfare fund payments), section 1955 (relating to the prohibition of illegal gambling businesses), section 1956 (relating to the laundering of monetary instruments), section 1957 (relating to engaging in monetary transactions in property derived from specified unlawful activity), section 1958 (relating to use of interstate commerce facilities in the commission of murder-for-hire), section 1960 (relating to illegal money transmitters), sections 2251, 2251A, 2252, and 2260 (relating to sexual exploitation of children), sections 2312 and 2313 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen motor vehicles), sections 2314 and 2315 (relating to interstate transportation of stolen property), section 2318 (relating to trafficking in counterfeit labels for phonorecords, computer programs or computer program documentation or packaging and copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works), section 2319 (relating to criminal infringement of a copyright), section 2319A (relating to unauthorized fixation of and trafficking in sound recordings and music videos of live musical performances), section 2320 (relating to trafficking in goods or services bearing counterfeit marks), section 2321 (relating to trafficking in certain motor vehicles or motor vehicle parts), sections 2341–2346 (relating to trafficking in contraband cigarettes), sections 2421–24 (relating to white slave traffic), sections 175–178 (relating to biological weapons), sections 229–229F (relating to chemical weapons), section 831 (relating to nuclear materials), 

(C) any act which is indictable under title 29, United States Code, section 186 (dealing with restrictions on payments and loans to labor organizations) or section 501(c) (relating to embezzlement from union funds), 

(D) any offense involving fraud connected with a case under title 11 (except a case under section 157 of this title), fraud in the sale of securities, or the felonious manufacture, importation, receiving, concealment, buying, selling, or otherwise dealing in a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in section 102 of the Controlled substances Act), punishable under any law of the United States, 

(E) any act which is indictable under the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, 

(F) any act which is indictable under the Immigration and Nationality Act, section 274 (relating to bringing in and harboring certain aliens), section 277 (relating to aiding or assisting certain aliens to enter the United States), or section 278 (relating to importation of alien for immoral purpose) if the act indictable under such section of such Act was committed for the purpose of financial gain, or 

(G) any act that is indictable under any provision listed in section 2332b(g)(5)(B);

(2) “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, any territory or possession of the United States, any political subdivision, or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof;

(3) “person” includes any individual or entity capable of holding a legal or beneficial interest in property;

(4) “enterprise” includes any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity;

(5) “pattern of racketeering activity” requires at least two acts of racketeering activity, one of which occurred after the effective date of this chapter and the last of which occurred within ten years (excluding any period of imprisonment) after the commission of a prior act of racketeering activity;

(6) “unlawful debt” means a debt (A) incurred or contracted in gambling activity which was in violation of the law of the United States, a State or political subdivision thereof, or which is unenforceable under State or Federal law in whole or in part as to principal or interest because of the laws relating to usury, and (B) which was incurred in connection with the business of gambling in violation of the law of the United States, a State or political subdivision thereof, or the business of lending money or a thing of value at a rate usurious under State or Federal law, where the usurious rate is at least twice the enforceable rate;

(7) “racketeering investigator” means any attorney or investigator so designated by the Attorney General and charged with the duty of enforcing or carrying into effect this chapter;

(8) “racketeering investigation” means any inquiry conducted by any racketeering investigator for the purpose of ascertaining whether any person has been involved in any violation of this chapter or of any final order, judgment, or decree of any court of the United States, duly entered in any case or proceeding arising under this chapter;

(9) “documentary material” includes any book, paper, document, record, recording, or other material; and

(10) “Attorney General” includes the Attorney General of the United States, the Deputy Attorney General of the United States, the Associate Attorney General of the United States, any Assistant Attorney General of the United States, or any employee of the Department of Justice or any employee of any department or agency of the United States so designated by the Attorney General to carry out the powers conferred on the Attorney General by this chapter. Any department or agency so designated may use in investigations authorized by this chapter either the investigative provisions of this chapter or the investigative power of such department or agency otherwise conferred by law.

 

18 U.S. Code § 1962 - Prohibited activities

(a) It shall be unlawful for any person who has received any income (Federal Reserve notes) derived, directly or indirectly, from a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of an unlawful debt (taxes) in which such person has participated as a principal within the meaning of section 2, title 18, United States Code, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income, or the proceeds of such income, in acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation of, any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce (seigniorage). A purchase of securities on the open market for purposes of investment (kidnapping), and without the intention of controlling or participating in the control of the issuer, or of assisting another to do so[ix], shall not be unlawful under this subsection if the securities of the issuer held by the purchaser, the members of his immediate family, and his or their accomplices in any pattern or racketeering activity or the collection of an unlawful debt after such purchase do not amount in the aggregate to one percent of the outstanding securities of any one class, and do not confer, either in law or in fact, the power to elect one or more directors (see Clayton Act[x]) of the issuer.

(b) It shall be unlawful for any person through a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of an unlawful debt to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce. 

(c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt.

(d) It shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section.[xi]

(Added Pub. L. 91–452, title IX, § 901(a), Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 942; amended Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7033, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4398.)

[1] positive law - n. statutory man-made law, as compared to "natural law" which is purportedly based on universally accepted moral principles, "God's law," and/or derived from nature and reason. The term "positive law," was first used by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan (1651). (See: natural law) Copyright © 1981-2005 by Gerald N. Hill and Kathleen T. Hill. 


 ENDNOTES

[i] murder for hire - "KILL THE MIDDLE CLASS 4"

 [ii] kidnapping by coercion - Contract law - "cession and acceptance" into the "ten miles square".

[iii] https://www.foxnews.com/us/biden-announces-new-incentives-to-encourage-covid-vaccination-by-july-4 - Biden announces new incentives (aka, bribery) to encourage COVID vaccination by July 4 (2021).  

https://nypost.com/2021/12/21/nyc-offers-100-covid-booster-bonus-as-de-blasio-promises-no-more-shutdowns/ -  De Blasio offers $100 booster bonus, promises ‘no more shutdowns’-By and December 21, 2021 12:41pm Updated

[iv] Extortion  - https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/seigniorage.asp - Seigniorage Explained

Seigniorage may be counted as revenue for a government when the money it creates is worth more than it costs to produce. This revenue is often used by governments to finance portions of their expenditures without having to collect taxes. If, for example, it costs the U.S. government 5 cents to produce $1, the seigniorage is 95 cents or the difference between the two amounts. Seigniorage gives a country the potential to turn a profit when it produces money.

While the definition of seigniorage is most often the difference between the cost of printing new currency and the face value of that same currency, it is also the number of goods or services a government can acquire through the printing of new notes. 

 

On 2021-12-24 the cost of printing new notes read as follows - https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/currency_12771.htm

Each year, the Federal Reserve Board projects the likely demand for new currency, and places an order with the Department of the Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which produces U.S. currency and charges the Board for the cost of production. The 2021 currency operating budget is $1,095.8 million. The table below provides details on the printing costs of Federal Reserve notes for each denomination.

Denomination

Printing Costs

$1 and $2

6.2 cents per note

$5

10.8 cents per note

$10

10.8 cents per note

$20

11.2 cents per note

$50

11.0 cents per note

$100

14.0 cents per note

[v] Wheel Conspiracy - https://definitions.uslegal.com/w/wheel-conspiracy/ - A wheel conspiracy is a conspiracy in a which a single member (usually the ringleader) or a group (Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System) engages in separate illegal dealings with two or more other member or groups (Democrats and Republicans), and there exists a shared criminal purpose among all the member/groups engaged in the activities. The ringleader or group which deals with other members or groups is called the hub (Legislatures on behalf of Municipalities Authorities), and the subsidiary parties that maintain individual relationship with the hub is called spokes (Judiciary). Such conspiracy is also known as hub-and-spoke conspiracy.

Parallel but separate objectives between similarly situated people do not make a wheel conspiracy, it would instead constitute multiple chain conspiracies (Staff, Clerks, etc., which are energized by the CURRENT provided by the Federal Reserve). A wheel conspiracy is shown when a number of people, the spokes, are engaged in similar relationships with the same individual, the hub. In a "wheel" conspiracy, the prosecution would have to prove that the existence of the other spokes was known to a particular defendant, and that that defendant did something in furtherance of a single, illegal enterprise to prove that s/he have conspired with the other spokes of the wheel. [Bolden v. State, 44 Md. App. 643 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1980)].

[vi] substance - https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/substance - Essence; the material or necessary component of something.  A matter of substance, as distinguished from a matter of form, with respect to pleadings, affidavits, indictments, and other legal instruments, entails the essential sufficiency, validity, or merits of the instrument, as opposed to its method or style.  West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008

  

[vii] “States” – Johnson’s 1785 Dictionary of the English Language

[viii] code (1) Any systematic collection of laws, regulations, or rules.(2) Shorthand for any of the various building codes, such as, for example, “This historic property has been updated and meets all current code requirements.”  The Complete Real Estate Encyclopedia by Denise L. Evans, JD & O. William Evans, JD. Copyright © 2007

[ix] “Without the intention of . . . participating, . . . or of assisting another to do so.”

[x] Key Takeaways - The Clayton Antitrust Act,

  • The Clayton Antitrust Act, passed in 1914, continues to regulate U.S. business practices today.
  • Intended to strengthen earlier antitrust legislation, the act prohibits anticompetitive mergers, predatory and discriminatory pricing, and other forms of unethical corporate behavior.
  • The Clayton Antitrust Act also protects individuals by allowing lawsuits against companies and upholding the rights of labor to organize and protest peacefully.
  • There have been several amendments to the act, expanding its provisions.

April 19, 1937 – Federal Reserve Hit by (Ohio Congressman) Lamneck

 

[xi] Watch Dominique Strauss-Kahn as he describes IMF plans to attendees at the National Press Club on April 16, 2009 at https://www.c-span.org/video/?285317-1/international-monetary-fund-lending-programs, or search the attending transcript for the word "CHINA" and begin reading at the 00:33:53 section.

00:33:53

CAN YOU GIVE US AN UPDATE ON IMF'S DEBT ISSUING? HOW MUCH WILL CHINA PURCHASE?

00:33:59

BETTER ASK THE CHINESE. FIRST, IT'S SOMETHING TOTALLY NEW WHICH WAS FOR, SINCE THE BEGINNING, FOR 60 YEARS AND ARTICLE OF AGREEMENTS, THAT THEY COULD ISSUE BONDS TO BE DIRECTLY BORROWED BY A MEMBER. BUT IT HAS NEVER BEEN DONE. SO IT'S SOMETHING TOTALLY NEW, EVEN IF IT WAS SOMETHING WHICH WAS ALREADY DEFINED 60 YEARS AGO. WE'RE PROBABLY GOING TO USE THIS NEW WAY FOR CHINA AND MAYBE FOR OTHERS, BECAUSE SOME COUNTRIES PREFER THIS WAY RATHER THAN HAVE TRADITIONAL BY LATERAL AGREEMENT OF A LOAN TO BUY OUR BONDS. SO WE'RE GOING TO DO THAT. HOW MUCH ARE THEY GOING TO BUY? I TOLD YOU BEFORE I THINK IT WILL BE SOMETHING AROUND $40 BILLION OR MAYBE A LITTLE MORE. I DON'T KNOW. WE'RE JUST IN THE PROCESS OF DEFINING THIS NEW KIND OF BONDS WHICH WILL BE BONDS IN THE IMF CURRENCY AND AS SOON AS THOSE BONDS WILL BE CREATED WHICH IS A QUESTION OF DAYS BUT IT'S NEVER BEEN DONE BEFORE AS I TOLD YOU. SO ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL WORK TO DO. HOW MUCH IS A BIT DIFFICULT TO SAY BECAUSE IT WILL BE SOMETHING THEY CAN BUY AND SELL SO ONE DAY THEY CAN BUY MORE AND A FEW MONTHS LATER THEY CAN BUY EVEN MORE. IT'S NOT AS IF YOU HAVE A SPECIFIC AGREEMENT WHICH WAS DEFINED AS X BILLION DOLLARS AND THAT'S IT. IF YOU WANT TO DO MORE YOU HAVE TO CREATE A NEW AGREEMENT. WHEN YOU USE THIS NEW KIND OF BOND, THAT'S PROBABLY ONE OF THE REASONS THE COUNTRIES ARE INTERESTED IN IT, I HAD MUCH MORE FLEXIBLE SO THE AMOUNT MAY MOVE OVER TIME.

2019-12-25 - OMB - HUMAN CAPITAL

posted by Niki at 4:08 PM